Objective: Caries detector (CD) dyes aid in caries diagnosis by staining the organic matrix of less mineralized infected dentine. However, detector dyes are not specific to bacteria and can discolor surrounding healthy tissues as dentino-enamel junction or the circumpulpal dentine. Possible discoloring effect of CD dye over restorative materials have not been evaluated until date. The aim of this study was to investigate the staining effects of four commercial CD dyes Caries Detector (CAD), Caries Marker (CAM),SEEK (SEE), Sable Seek (SES) on a variety of tooth colored restorative materials; Filtek Valux Plus (VLX), Filtek Z250 (Z25), Filtek Silorane (SIL) Fuji IX (FUJ). Materials and Methods: A total of 40 disc-shaped specimens were prepared from each restorative material. After 24 h distilled water storage, baseline color was measured according to the Commission International de l'Eclairage L* a* b* system by using a reflection spectrophotometer. Each CD dye was applied to 10 samples of each composite group for 10 s and applications were repeated for 2 times. Before the final color measurements, all samples was rinsed and dried. Color differences (ΔE) were measured and analyzed the data with two-way analysis of variance and Tukey honest significant difference post-hoc tests. Results: Independent of dyes, perceptible color changes were observed in glass ionomer restorative material (FUJ) (ΔE _ab * > 3.3). CAD, CAM and SES caused staining on highly triethylene glycol dimethacrylate monomer containing composite resin (VLX). Silorane based restorative material (SIL) and micro hybrid resin composite (Z25) were more resistant to discoloration then VLX and FUJ (P < 0.05). Conclusion: CD dyes may cause discolorations in some restorative materials and should be used with maximum care.

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Objectives: The purpose of this study was to compare the sealing ability of different glass ionomer cements (GIC) as root-end filling (RF) materials. Materials and Methods: One-hundred and eleven extracted human canines were cleaned and prepared using a rotary nickel titanium files with crown-down technique. All the teeth were filled with gutta-percha and then the apical third of each root was resected perpendicularly to the long axis direction. After, root-end cavity was prepared using a round bur. The specimens were randomly divided into 7 groups of 15 samples, filled with one of the test materials (Ionofil, Ketac Molar Quick Aplicap, Argion Molar AC, Photac Fil Quick Aplicap, Fuji II LC Capsule, Dyract Extra, Glasiosite Caps) and were stored at 37°C and 100% humidity for 7 days. 1-week later, apical parts of roots of 10 ± 0.05 mm were attached to the computerized fluid filtration device. The data obtained were analyzed using an ANOVA and post hoc Tukey's tests (P ≤ 0.05). Results: Statistical analysis indicated that RF with Argion molar AC (reinforced GIC) had the least micro-leakage of all and whereas Ketac Molar Quick Aplicap (conventional GIC) showed highest apical leakage than the other groups. Conclusion: This present study has shown that none of GICs, which used as a RF material unable to prevent apical leakage exactly and Argion Molar AC is used as a RF material among current GICs better than others.

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Context: A good seal ability and antimicrobial action is a desired feature of an effective temporary sealing material. Aims: To compare the sealing ability and antimicrobial activity of three temporary sealing materials: Caviton, MD Temp and IRM Materials and Methods: In the present in vitro study, sealing ability (dye penetration method using 2% methylene blue) was measured with class I cavities on human premolars restored using test materials. The antimicrobial activity (agar diffusion test) of the materials was evaluated against Streptococcus mutans (MTCC 497 and clinical isolate) and Candida albicans (ATCC 60193 and clinical isolate). Statistical Analysis Used: For sealing ability, data was statistically analyzed using Chi-square test at a significance level of 5% using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) 15.0. Antimicrobial activity was evaluated by comparing the mean diameter of the inhibition zones formed around the respective wells. Results: IRM produced best marginal sealing (Fisher's exact test = 38.361 and P < 0.001) and was also associated with higher antimicrobial activity in comparison to Caviton and MD Temp. The inferior properties of MD temp can be attributed to thermal instability demonstrated by MD Temp leading to an inadequate seal, and also failed to produce a zone of inhibition. IRM proved effective and superior to Caviton and MD Temp in both these aspects. Conclusions: The success of an endodontic treatment depends on the effective seal achieved following debridement. This study stresses the need for an adequate marginal seal along with satisfactory antibacterial potential for a temporary sealing material.

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Objectives: The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of temperature on dimensional stability of elastomeric impression materials. Materials and Methods: Polyether and polyvinyl siloxane impressions of an International Organization for Standardization-specified test-block were photographed at two temperatures and 3 time intervals. This resulted in 12 groups (n = 10). Images were digitally calibrated and measured. Mean percentage dimensional change (%DC) was analyzed using the Variance Estimation and Precision module of Statistica 10 (Statsoft^®, Southern Africa) (95% confidence), with Fisher least significant difference correction for multiple pairwise comparisons. Results: For silicone, dimensional accuracy was highest when stored at 21°C for 14 days (%DC = 0.006). This was significantly better than all other silicone groups (P < 0.05). Dimensional accuracy was worst when stored at 21°C for 8 h (%DC = 0.237) and after cooling-off from 66°C (%DC = 0.300), with no difference between latter groups (P = 0.187). For polyether, dimensional accuracy was highest when stored at 21°C for 14 days (%DC = −0.272). This was significantly better than all other polyether groups (P < 0.05). Dimensional accuracy was worst when stored at 21°C for 8 h (%DC = 0.364) and after cooling-off from 66°C (%DC = 0.306), with no difference between latter groups (P = 0.199). Comparing polyether with silicone, %DC did not differ between the two materials when kept at 21°C for 14 days and when cooled-off after heat exposure for 8 h. At all other instances, the %DC between the two materials differed, with silicone always closest to zero %DC. Conclusions: Exposing silicone and polyether to high temperature doesn't lead to higher dimensional inaccuracy on the short-term compared to keeping them at 21°C. However, heat has an effect on shelf-life (14 days) of impressions, decreasing accuracy. This effect is worse for polyether.

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Aim: To compare the sealing ability of three innovative single-cone obturation systems. Materials and Methods: The roots of 90 maxillary incisors were prepared with ProTaper rotary files until reaching to size F4. The roots were divided into four experimental ( n = 20 each) and two control groups ( n = 5 each). The experimental groups were filled as follows: Group 1, Cold lateral condensation using gutta-percha/AH Plus Jet; Group 2, Single-cone ProTaper gutta-percha/Guttaflow2; Group 3, Single-cone Propoint PT/Smartpaste; and Group 4, Single-cone Propoint PT/Smartpastebio. The sealing ability of root canal fillings was tested at different time intervals using the glucose leakage model. Glucose leakage values were measured (mg/dL) by a spectrophotometer and statistically analyzed. Results: All experimental groups presented significantly different glucose leakage at all experimental periods ( P < 0.05). There was a progressive increase in the glucose leakage during the experimental periods in all groups. During experimental periods, Groups 4 showed the lowest significant cumulative glucose leakage values ( P < 0.05). Conclusion: Single-cone obturation technique using Propoint PT and Smartpastebio sealer provided the superior sealing ability and may be considered an alternative to the lateral condensation technique.

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The aim of this case report is to present a multidisciplinary treatment plan for horizontal root fracture of maxillary anterior teeth that resulted from trauma. A 16-year-old male presented a horizontal root fracture in the middle-third of teeth 11 and 21. Dislocated tooth fragments were repositioned using a composite splint technique. Follow-up examinations revealed the teeth lost vitality after trauma. Separated tooth fragments were removed by a surgical operation and then reattached using fiber post and resin cement. Teeth were replanted into the alveolar socket and splinted after root canal treatment. After 1 year of follow-up examinations, this comprehensive treatment was observed to be successful both clinically and radiographically. Horizontal root fractures can be treated successfully by extraoral reattaching of fractured segments and intentional replantation of teeth after root canal treatment.

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Crown fractures of the permanent dentition comprise the most frequent form of traumatic dental injuries and often require an immediate procedure for their treatment. Reattachment of the fractured fragment to its original position is an optimal approach to esthetic and functional rehabilitation. This paper reports the case of a permanent maxillary central incisor with crown fracture treated by adhesive fragment reattachment.

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Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of three different bonding techniques on the bond strength of two different fiber posts to root dentin with push out test. Materials and Methods: A total of 30 extracted teeth were sectioned at the cement-enamel junction using a diamond disc under water-coolant to obtain 18 mm root length. All roots were treated endodontically and filled with sealer and Gutta-percha points. The roots were randomly divided into two groups according to chosen post systems (Rebilda DC [VOCO, Cuxhaven, Germany] or UniCore [Ultradent, South Jordan, UT]). Following preparation specimens were randomly divided into three subgroups of 3 teeth each. Luting of the posts were completed with Rebilda DC (self-etch); BisCem (self-adhesive, Bisco, Schaumburg, IL) Duo-Link (etch and rinse Bisco). Specimens were transversally sectioned into 2 ± 0.05 mm thick discs and push-out test was performed. The data was analyzed statistically by using three-way ANOVA and Tukey tests. Results: The bond strengths between fiber posts and root dentin were affected by type of resin cement and post ( P < 0.05). Push out bond strengths of Rebilda groups was lower than UniCore groups ( P < 0.05). Push out bond strength of DuoLink and Rebilda DC cement groups were higher than BisCem groups. There were no statistically differences between root region. Conclusion: It can be concluded that, bond strength between fiber post and root dentin affected by the using of different post and cement types. Self-adhesion techniques were showed lower bond strength than both self-etch and etch and rinse techniques

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The aim of this case report is to describe the management of a large periapical lesion in a patient without a trauma history, but with a deep traumatic overbite. The large periapical lesion in the region of the mandibular anterior teeth was detected in a routine radiographic examination. The patient was asymptomatic, and teeth 33, 32, 31, 41, and 42 failed to respond to thermal and electric testing. Nonsurgical endodontic treatment was performed on these teeth. Follow-up at 6 months, 1 year, and 2 years indicated that the radiolucency was reduced. Finally, follow-up at 3 years revealed that the large periapical lesion had disappeared.

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Aim: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the microtensile bond strengths of five different bonding agents to dentin contaminated with chloroform which cleaning the remnants of the root canal sealer in coronal access cavities of teeth. Materials and Methods: A total of 30 extracted human mandibular molar teeth were used for study. Teeth were sectioned with diamond bur to expose the superficial dentin. AH Plus as a root canal sealer was placed to exposed dentin surface. Teeth were stored at least for 5 min motionless for sealer set. More of sealer on the surface of teeth was taken with the help of cotton pellets. Dentin surface was treated with 0.1 mL of chloroform which was kept for 1 min. After that, surfaces of teeth were flushed with distilled water and dried. Teeth were separated randomly into five groups and Clearfil SE Bond, Futura Bond M, Adper Easy Bond, Clearfil S3 Bond, and Optibond FL bonding agents were applied according to manufacturer's instructions. The specimens were sectioned parallel blocks approximately 1 mm thickness and 1 mm width. The specimens pasted apparatus and subjected to microtensile testing device with a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min. Connection surface of all samples was measured after the end of the test process. The connection types of surfaces were examined under a light microscope magnification Χ10. Results: There was no statistically significant difference between the Optibond FL and Adper Easy Bond. However, Adper Easy Bond gave higher binding than the other tested materials. There was no statistically difference among Optibond FL, Clearfil S3 Bond, and Clearfil SE Bond. Conclusions: Many endodontically treated teeth are lost due to poor restorative treatment of teeth. Endodontic treatment procedures will affect bonding agents, so it could result in failure of the restoration.

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Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the sealing abilities of two calcium hydroxide (Ca[OH] 2) pastes and two mineral trioxide aggregates (MTA) against leakage on direct pulp capping with a computerized fluid filtration (CFF) method. Materials and Methods: The 60 recently extracted sound human molar teeth were sectioned at the level of the highest pulp horn to obtain dentin discs of 0.5 ± 0.2 mm. The dentin discs were numbered and permeability measurements were done before and after the operation for the same sample. For simulating direct pulp capping, dentin discs were perforated with a standard diamond bur and restorated with four different capping materials: Dycal, Calcimol light-curing (LC), ProRoot MTA and DiaRoot BioAggregate. Fluid movement measurements were tested with a CFF method and a mean value was calculated for each specimen. Results: Calcimol LC and Dycal showed significantly higher fluid conductance values compared to other pulp capping materials (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences between ProRoot MTA and DiaRoot BioAggregate (P > 0.05). Conclusion: Within the limitations of this study, it can be concluded that using the MTA materials as a pulp-capping agent would be more efficient than Ca (OH) ₂ materials with regard to pulpal microleakage.

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Background: Optimum marginal seal is a key success in restorative dentistry. Lack of this may lead to microleakage. The aim of this study was to observe the characteristic features of the composite resin-tooth interface under transmitted light microscope using acetate paper peel technique and to determine its feasibility in microleakage evaluation. Materials and Methods: Standardized class I cavity was prepared and restored with Filtek Z350 XT composite resin on three extracted human maxillary premolars. The occlusal surface of one of the restored premolars was made flat and the other two premolars were sectioned buccolingually and a flat surface was obtained. All the three samples were embedded in epoxy resin, polished, etched with 37% phosphoric acid, washed with distilled water and then dried. Acetone was flooded onto the prepared surface and a pre-cut acetate film was placed onto it. As the acetone evaporated, the film gets settled down to take the shape of micro relief produced by etching. The film was left over to dry for 15-20 min. The film was gently peeled off and mounted on a glass slide with a cover slip and observed under transmitted light microscope at different magnifications. Results: At lower magnification (×4), the intricate details of the composite resin-tooth interface could be observed, but the formation of resin tags and a thick dark band of hybrid layer was clearly visible only at higher magnification (×40). Furthermore, the interfacial gap between the restoration-tooth interfaces could be measured at ×40 magnification. Conclusions: This technique is an efficient way to study the interfacial space between the restoration and the tooth but by measuring the interfacial gap at a particular point it would be difficult to comment on the microleakage aspect.

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